Oscar Wilde: A Life in Letters
Oscar Wilde
Merlin Holland
Wilde the writer is known to us from his plays and prose fiction, but apparently it was in his conversation that his genius reached its summit. His talk is lost and his autobiography was never written, but his letters reveal him at his spontaneous, sparkling best.Wilde the writer is known to us from his plays and prose fiction, yet it was in his conversation that his genius reached its summit. His talk is lost, his autobiography was never written, but his letters reveal him at his spontaneous, sparkling best.Of all nineteenth-century letter writers Oscar Wilde is, predictably, one of the most brilliant. Wonderfully fluent in style, the letters bear that most familiar of Wildean hallmarks – the lightest of touches for the most serious of subjects. He comments openly on his life and his work from the early years of undergraduate friendship, through his year-long lecture tour in America as a striving young 'Professor of Aesthetics', to the short period of fame and success in the early 1890s, when he corresponded with many leading political, literary and artistic figures of the time. Disgrace and imprisonment followed, but even in adversity his humour does not desert him.In this beautifully produced volume Merlin Holland has brought together his most revealing letters with an illuminating commentary. Together they form the closest thing we shall ever have to Wilde's own memoir.
Oscar Wilde
A Life In Letters
Selected and edited by
Merlin Holland
To the memory of Rupert Hart-Davis, with love and gratitude.
Table of Contents
Cover Page (#u6a211665-508f-5f56-be18-76ccbb71fc88)
Title Page (#ub1c299b3-08ec-5200-b460-dc62c5e82b11)
Introduction (#u14a3adb1-fa19-5e75-b949-011056be861f)
Chronological Table (#u2d3b8018-fe46-5d2f-bad7-8b60381d072a)
The Student (#ub17667d9-ebb4-5847-a0d2-0e595cc5e335)
Charming London (#u2dbd122f-54e6-5965-9daf-04234de251ad)
Discovering America (#ud0c6b222-0c17-5e14-811b-782e289eef83)
The Conformist Rebel (#u4bdfdd1d-22f8-5ba4-94e4-0e254a7d7d73)
Against the Grain (#u7ed428f0-c2e3-59d1-82b2-35b2e312140e)
The Prisoner (#u005fc25c-212b-57d1-b627-d9bff22dc9bd)
A Sort of Freedom (#udcb770a7-8dd4-5abf-af82-59b4ee0c078b)
The Second Time Around (#ue389c2de-8a7e-5e79-88f7-5b8c56e4aeca)
The Final Years (#ubf6dc1e8-1275-555c-aacf-1b756801f8e0)
Epilogue (#u1ed39756-b4fe-507a-bf0e-608365cffe20)
Index of Recipients (#udb36dd41-99dd-5d3c-a11c-f086c580306c)
General Index (#u90daea88-d2a5-5f1f-ba0d-26bbb72433fb)
Copyright (#u9388d0ed-ddaa-5566-8a3d-62fcf6317798)
About the Publisher (#u6749c500-1525-550f-85fe-7be7a7cc83ab)
Introduction (#ulink_3ef29b3c-f642-5b06-999a-5addb90ab494)
The enduring fascination of Oscar Wilde more than a century after his death remains a literary phenomenon. His creative output, by comparison with many other nineteenth century writers, was relatively small, yet it was spread over poetry and prose poems, literary and artistic criticism, essays, lectures, short stories and fairy tales, historical melodramas, society comedies and a single novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, for which he has become known across the world. Both his critics and his admirers have been legion, some insisting that he was merely a passing socio-cultural phenomenon and the author of lightweight popular works, and others viewing him as a modern thinker, bridging two centuries, an astute critic and commentator, a writer at odds with the stuffiness of his age, whose ‘over-the-topness in knocking the bottom out of things’ in Seamus Heaney’s words, amused but finally enraged his tight-laced Victorian contemporaries.
Whether he has a deserved place in the canon of great authors or is merely a first-rate funny-man struggling to rise beyond the second division of literary excellence, one thing is certain: he remains one of the most accessible and appealing writers of all time. Paradoxically, though, for all the thousands of studies published on Wilde, there are aspects of his life which are still enigmatic, unexplained even. The duality in his character with its inherent contradictions, intrigues and confuses: the Anglo-Irishman with Nationalist sympathies; the Protestant with life-long Catholic leanings; the married homosexual. And Oscar himself did nothing to help matters by deliberately donning masks to mislead. In 1885 he cautioned the painter James Whistler against revealing too much of himself and his art in his lectures. ‘Be warned in time, James, and remain, as I do, incomprehensible; to be great is to be misunderstood,’ he remarked, and spent the rest of his life ensuring that he was.
He left no intimate diary, wrote no memoirs and the Boswell who might have given us a memorable life, Robert Ross, felt that the task of rehabilitating his friend posthumously was best done as an astute literary executor; not that we could have relied much on the accuracy of any sort of personal memoir from the man who referred to ‘a morbid and unhealthy faculty of truth-telling’ as being fatal to the artistic imagination.
But like anyone of a literary disposition, Oscar Wilde occasionally needed to express himself without his public mask, and his letters, particularly those written to intimate friends without thought of publication, are in effect the autobiography that he never wrote and as close as we shall come to the magic of hearing that legendary talker in person. They comment openly on his life and his work from the early years of undergraduate friendships, through the year-long lecture tour in America of a striving and ambitious young ‘Professor of Aesthetics’ as he styled himself, to the short period of fame and success in the early 1890s followed by his disgrace and imprisonment. Thereafter they include the most poignant and revealing letters of all, those which cover the five long years between his downfall and his early death in exile at 46, during which he suffered the ultimate indignity for one of his generosity – poverty and having to borrow money from friends. Even in adversity, though, his humour does not desert him and he is able to share with his readers that greatest of gifts – the ability to smile at one’s own misfortune.
The first major edition of Wilde’s letters appeared in 1962, meticulously edited by the late Rupert Hart-Davis. At the time, homosexuality in Britain was still illegal and I was an impressionable young teenager at school, so naturally the question of expurgation was discussed. Many of Wilde’s post-prison letters were quite explicit about his sexual inclinations and it led to much agonising in the family about publishing them in their entirety. My father finally took the advice of his old friend Rebecca West who persuaded him that by then suppression was pointless and, with some lingering unease, he agreed to their uncensored publication. As it turned out, his misgivings were totally unfounded and the first publication of so much autobiographical material gave an entirely new impetus to the study of Wilde and a much greater understanding of the complexities of his character. A supplement was published in 1985 and a much revised and enlarged edition, The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde, bringing the total number to 1562, was produced in 2000 to mark the centenary of his death.
All these editions, however, including a Selected Letters in 1976, relied heavily on the scholarly apparatus of copious footnotes to put the letters in context and I feel that the time has now come to make my grandfather’s correspondence accessible to a broader public with only a minimum of editorial intervention. To this end, I have made a very personal selection of the letters, some 400 in total, which seem to me to reflect the man, warts and all, whom I have come to love and respect as a relative after twenty years of immersing myself in his life and works. By interspersing the letters with the smallest amount of necessary explanation and biography, I hope that readers will be able to listen to Oscar in his own words more or less uninterrupted and I am certain that anyone unfamiliar with Wilde as a correspondent will find it packed with unexpected delights. For one thing, his letters show that the public perception of Wilde as the lightweight author of society comedies, a few memorable poems and some fairy stories must finally make room for Wilde as a hard-working professional writer, deeply interested by the issues of his day and carrying in his intellectual baggage something that we all too frequently overlook, a quite extraordinary classical, literary and philosophical education.
The editorial principles employed in transcribing the letters have been explained at length in The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde (Fourth Estate, 2000) and given the nature of the present edition, it would seem unnecessary here to do more than summarise them briefly.
Wilde’s spelling was mostly good, but he often misspelled proper names, even of places like Babbacombe, Berneval and Posillipo where he stayed for several months. These have been corrected along with other such slips throughout. His punctuation, except in his more formal letters, consisted mainly of short dashes, which he used to represent every kind of stop. They make the letters difficult to read, and normal punctuation has been used as the sense seems to demand. A case in point is the letter to Alfred Douglas in March 1893 which has been reproduced exactly as he wrote it, partly to show his emotional anguish and partly to illustrate the problems of transcription. Ellipses which occur in the text are Wilde’s own unless enclosed in square brackets.
Each address from which Wilde wrote is given in full the first time it occurs, and thereafter abbreviated to the essential minimum. No distinction has been made between printed and written addresses. In letters where he failed to indicate the place of writing it has been conjectured between square brackets, but in some instances this has not been possible, as for example when he was on tour in America, and the address has been omitted. For convenience the address is always printed on the right, and the date, in standardised form, on the left.
Wilde seldom dated his letters. Postmarks have often helped (though occasionally letters have strayed into wrong envelopes), and other dates have been deduced from internal evidence or cross-reference. All dates editorially supplied are enclosed within square brackets: doubtful ones are preceded by a query. Such editorial decisions, unless self-evident, were explained in the footnotes to The Complete Letters.
I considered carefully whether or not to include Wilde’s long letter (50,000 words) from prison to Alfred Douglas, De Profundis, and reluctantly decided against it. I realise that this may seem inconsistent with the idea of this selection, since of all his letters it is the one in which he lets us see most deeply into his innermost thoughts. However, since its first integral publication in 1962, it has been made widely available and its inclusion here would have made this volume, intended to be reader-friendly both in size as well as in content, unmanageably large. As an account, though, of his relationship with Alfred Douglas and of the debacle with the Marquess of Queensberry, as well as a reflection on his past glories and excesses, his misery in prison and at his aspirations for the future, it is an intimate and powerful document which should be read alongside this selection.
I have benefited over the years of working on Wilde’s letters from the generosity and kindness of many scholars, collectors and friends, all acknowledged at length in The Complete Letters; for reasons of space it is not possible here to reiterate my thanks in detail, but they know who they are and I hope that they will accept a general expression of my profound gratitude once more. To Rupert Hart-Davis I owe, together with my family, more than mere words can express; I have dedicated this selection to his memory with much love and respect. It was his decision fifty years ago to publish the first edition of Oscar Wilde’s letters which helped to put my grandfather back into the position which he lost in 1895 as one of the most charismatic and fascinating figures in English literary history.
Lastly my thanks to Mitzi Angel and Catherine Blyth at Fourth Estate for their old-style professionalism as true publisher’s editors, friends and advisers.
MERLIN HOLLAND
St Martin-sous-Montaigu
August, 2003
Chronological Table (#ulink_64104e64-5269-5cba-b459-873446c1cc28)
1854—16 October Oscar Wilde born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin
1855—June Family moves to I Merrion Square North
1864–71—At Portora Royal School, Enniskillen
1871—Wins scholarship to Trinity College, Dublin
1873—June Wins Trinity Foundation Scholarship
1874—Wins Berkeley Gold Medal for Greek
June Wins Demyship in Classics to Magdalen College, Oxford
October Goes up to Magdalen
1875—June Travels in Italy with his old Trinity Classics Tutor, J. P. Mahaffy
1876—19 April Death of father, Sir William Wilde
5 July Gains first class in Classical Moderations (Mods)
1877 March-April Visits Greece with Mahaffy, returning via Rome
1878 10 June Wins Newdigate Poetry Prize with ‘Ravenna’
19 July Gains first class in Literae Humaniores (Greats)
28 November Takes BA degree
1879 February Takes rooms with Frank Miles at 13 Salisbury Street, London
1880 Writes and publishes Vera
August Moves with Miles to Keats House, Tite Street, Chelsea
1881 June First edition of Poems published by David Bogue
24 December Sails to New York for lecture tour of the United States
1882 Lectures in US and Canada all year
1883 February-May In Paris, at Hotel Voltaire where he writes The Duchess of Padua for the American actress Mary Anderson who then turns it down
?July Moves into rooms at 9 Charles Street, London
August-September Visits New York briefly for first production of Vera with Marie Prescott in the lead; it is not a success September Begins lecture tour of UK which lasts off and on for a year
26 November Becomes engaged to Constance Lloyd while lecturing in Dublin
1884 29 May Married to Constance Lloyd in London
May-June On honeymoon in Paris and Dieppe
1885 January Moves into 16 Tite Street, Chelsea
May ‘The Truth of Masks’ published in the Nineteenth Century
5 June Cyril Wilde born
1886 Meets Robert Ross who remains lifelong friend and after his death becomes his literary executor
3 November Vyvyan Wilde born
1887 February-March ‘The Canterville Ghost’ published in the Court & Society Review
May ‘The Sphinx without a Secret’ published in the World and ‘Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime’ in the Court & Society Review
June ‘The Model Millionaire’ published in the World
November Becomes editor of Woman’s World
1888 May The Happy Prince and Other Tales published
December ‘The Young King’ published in the Lady’s Pictorial
1889 January ‘The Decay of Lying’ published in the Nineteenth Century and ‘Pen, Pencil and Poison’ in the Fortnightly Review
March ‘The Birthday of the Infanta’ published in Paris Illustre
July Gives up editorship of Woman’s World. ‘The Portrait of Mr W. H.’ appears in Blackwood’s Magazine
1890 20 June ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ appears in Lippincott’s Magazine
July-September Both parts of ‘The Critic as Artist’ published these months in the Nineteenth Century
1891 26 January First production of The Duchess of Padua under the title Guido Ferranti. It opens anonymously in New York and runs for only three weeks
February ‘The Soul of Man under Socialism’ published in the Fortnightly Review
April The Picture of Dorian Gray published in book form with additional chapters and a preface
2 May Intentions published (comprising ‘The Truth of Masks’, ‘The Critic as Artist’, ‘Pen, Pencil & Poison’ and ‘The Decay of Lying’)
?June Meets Lord Alfred Douglas (Bosie)
July Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories (the other stories being ‘The Sphinx without a Secret’, ‘The Canterville Ghost’ and ‘The Model Millionaire’) published in book form
November A House of Pomegranates published. It included ‘The Young King’, ‘The Birthday of the Infanta’, ‘The Fisherman and his Soul’ and ‘The Star Child’, the last two of which had not been published before
November-December Writes Salome in Paris
1892 20 February Lady Windermere’s Fan produced at St James’s Theatre
June A production of Salome with Sarah Bernhardt in the title role is banned by the Lord Chamberlain July Takes cure at Homburg
August-September Writes A Woman of No Importance in Norfolk
1893 22 February Salome published in French
19 April A Woman of No Importance produced at Haymarket Theatre
October Writes An Ideal Husband
November Lady Windermere’s Fan published
1894 9 February Salome published in English with Aubrey Beardsley’s illustrations
May In Florence with Douglas
11 June The Sphinx published
July ‘Poems in Prose’ published in the Fortnightly Review
August-September Writes The Importance of Being Earnest at Worthing
9 October A Woman of No Importance published
October At Brighton with Douglas
November ‘A Few Maxims for the Instruction of the Over-Educated’ published in the Saturday Review
December ‘Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young’ published in the Chameleon
1895 3 January An Ideal Husband produced at Haymarket Theatre
January-February Visits Algiers with Douglas
14 February The Importance of Being Earnest produced at St James’s Theatre
28 February Finds Queensberry’s card at Albemarle Club
1 March Obtains warrant for Queensberry’s arrest
9 March Queensberry remanded at Bow Street for trial at Old Bailey
12–20 March Visits Monte Carlo with Douglas
3 April Queensberry trial opens
5 April Queensberry acquitted. Wilde arrested at Cadogan Hotel and charged at Bow Street. Bail refused. Imprisoned at Holloway until first trial
24 April Sheriff’s sale of all Wilde’s possessions at his home, 16 Tite Street
26 April First trial opens
1 May Jury disagree
7 May Released on bail
20 May Second trial opens
25 May Convicted and sentenced to two years’ hard labour. Imprisoned at Pentonville
30 May The Soul of Man under Socialism published in book form
4 July Transferred to Wandsworth
12 November Declared bankrupt
20 November Transferred to Reading
1896 3 February Death of his mother, Lady Wilde
11 February Salome produced in Paris at the Theatre de l’Oeuvre
1897 January-March Writes De Profundis
19 May Released. Crosses to Dieppe
26 May Moves from Dieppe to Berneval-sur-Mer July-October Writes and revises The Ballad of Reading Gaol
?28 August Meets Douglas in Rouen
15 September Leaves Dieppe for Paris
20 September Arrives at Naples with Douglas
1898 February Returns to Paris
13 February The Ballad of Reading Gaol published
End March Moves to Hotel d’Alsace, rue des Beaux-Arts, Paris
7 April Death of Constance Wilde in Genoa after spinal operation
June-July At Nogent-sur-Marne
August At Chevennieres-sur-Marne
December Invited by Frank Harris to spend three months on French Riviera at Napoule near Cannes
1899 February The Importance of Being Earnest published. Leaves Napoule for Nice
25 February Leaves Nice to stay as Harold Mellor’s guest at Gland, Switzerland
13 March Willie Wilde, his brother, dies
1 April Leaves Gland for Santa Margherita on Italian Riviera
May Returns to Paris. Stays at Hotel de la Neva, then at Hotel Marsollier
July An Ideal Husband published
August Moves back to the Hotel d’Alsace
1900—April-May Spends two weeks as Mellor’s guest travelling in Italy and Sicily
May Returns to the Hotel d’Alsace
10 October Undergoes ear operation in hotel room
30 November Dies in Hotel d’Alsace of cerebral meningitis. Buried at Bagneux
1905—February De Profundis first published in heavily expurgated form by Robert Ross
1906—July Wilde’s estate discharged from bankruptcy. Creditors paid 20s in the £ and 4 per cent interest from sales of books and licensing of plays
1908—First collected edition of Wilde’s works published by Methuen
1909—20 July Wilde’s remains are moved from the cemetery at Bagneux to Pere Lachaise and reinterred under Jacob Epstein’s monument. The manuscript of De Profundis is presented by Ross to the British Museum on the condition that it remain closed for fifty years
1945—20 March Death of Lord Alfred Douglas
1949—Suppressed part of De Profundis published by Wilde’s son, Vyvyan Holland, from Ross’s typescript
1954—Unveiling of plaque on Wilde’s London home at 16 Tite Street
1956—First publication of the original four-act version of The Importance of Being Earnest
1962—Publication of Wilde’s Collected Letters including first fully correct version of De Profundis
1995—Consecration of a window to Oscar Wilde in Poets’ Corner, Westminster Abbey
1998—Erection of a publicly funded sculpture A Conversation with Oscar Wilde in Adelaide Street, London
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